What Is The Society of Jesus?
While there have been many honest and good Jesuit missionaries in China with names like Matteo Ricci (1552-1610), Adam Schall (1591-1666), Ferdinand Verbiest (1623-1688), and Giuseppe Castiglione (1688-1766), something darker appears to lurk within the Byzantine structure of controls that manage the Society of Jesus, which Spanish mercenary Ignatius Loyola founded in 1534.
Anyone wishing to get a full grasp on the sorts of operations being conducted to destroy China, Russia, Europe, and the USA from within these days would do well to take the time to consider this secretive force of world history. That said, anyone wishing to assume that the Jesuits are the causal hand of all global conspiracies without recognising the higher role of the Anglo-Venetian oligarchical operations which created a mercenary cult in 1534 as a tool of geopolitical warfare would also not get very far in a broader understanding of universal history.
Organised along Masonic levels of initiation, penetrating psychological exercises, and constant examinations, talented Jesuits who are found to ‘pass’ the many tests placed along their path and deemed to have the right stuff are brought to certain realisations. One of the most important realisations is that the acts of sin are not the fault of the person carrying out the sin. Rather than owning sin, arduous psychological conditioning outlined within Loyola’s Meditations persuades the devotee to give over the sin of their deeds to whichever Commander passes down orders from on high, with the Supreme General at the top of the hierarchy being the ultimate source of sin.
Among the other virulent recipes for self-brainwashing contained in the Jesuit modus operandi, the Spiritual Exercises are designed explicitly to strip an initiate to the sect of any sense of internal sovereignty (aka ‘inner directedness’) by demanding a ‘corpse-like obedience’ to the hierarchy.
In the exercises, we find the following:
I must not desire to belong to myself … I must let myself be led and moved as a lump of wax lets itself be kneaded, must order myself as a dead man without will or judgement, as a little crucifix which lets itself be moved without difficulty from one place to another, as a staff in the hand of an old man, to be placed where he will and where he can best make use of me. Thus I must always be ready to hand, so that the Order may use me and apply me in the way that seems to it good …
On top of breaking the initiate from taking personal responsibility for his actions, the famous Meditations outlined by Ignatius Loyola emphasise the need to lose all access to judging right from wrong, up from down, or black from white.
In Rule #13 of the Meditations, we read:
To be right in everything, we ought always to hold that the white which I see, is black, if the Hierarchical Church so decides it, believing that between Christ our Lord, the Bridegroom, and the Church, His Bride, there is the same Spirit which governs and directs us for the salvation of our souls.
The usefulness of this doctrine in forming dehumanised automata within the ranks of Freemasonry, the Rhodes Trust, Nazi high command, London’s Tavistock Institute, and of course the Vatican itself will become evident in the course of the following report.
Penetrating Minds Shed Light on the Jesuits
Prior to our current age, the subversive role of Jesuit operations were much more widely known by republican forces who understood the reality of conspiracies as a part of life and world history.
The noted poet and playwright Friedrich Schiller took time to compose The Jesuit Government of Paraguay of 1788 where he documents the role of Jesuit missionaries whose arrest revealed a coded manual for training natives to kill European settlers “who are cursed by god”. The Jesuits in Schiller’s report had created a hybrid religion using Christian motifs and passed themselves off as angelic Kau, describing their teachings (written in a native language) as “angels of God, who descended to the people, to teach them how one comes into heaven and the art to destroy the enemy of God”.
A century earlier, the famed scientist/priest Antoine Arnauld wrote:
Do you wish to excite troubles, to provoke revolution, to produce the total ruin of your country? Call in the Jesuits … and build magnificent colleges for these hot-headed religionists; suffer those audacious priests, in their dictatorial and dogmatic tone, to decide on affairs of State.
Describing Jesuit operations in Canada which had created quasi-synthetic cults blending native beliefs with the Bible and deployed to conduct terror operations on colonists, historian Graham Lowry wrote in his How the Nation Was Won (1987):
Northern tribes converted by the Jesuits — the Hurons, Algonquins, Penobbscots, Pequawkets and especially the Abnakis — were repeatedly hurled against the northeastern and western frontier of New England. Led by Jesuit priests, with only an occasional French officer, the Indians attacked down the Kennebec, Connecticut and Merrimack Rivers, massacring and burning as they went … this threat to the northeastern colonies was not removed until the American Revolution.
The American Revolution did not only ensure a respite from Jesuit-run raids on colonists (provoking often brutal and unjust retaliations in response as part of a broader divide-to-conquer strategy), but the Pope Clement XIV passed a Papal Bull forcing the dissolution of this insurrectionary society in 1773 saying quite ominously: “The suppression is accomplished, I do not repent of it, having only resolved on it after examining and weighing everything, and because I thought it necessary for the church. If it were not done, I would do it now. But this suppression will be my death”.
It was only a matter of months before the Pope was to die of poisoning.
Although they got revenge on the belligerent Pope, the Order took a major hit and removed their base of operations to safer terrain in Russia for a period of nearly 50 years. During this time, their intrigues never ceased, provoking French revolutionary Marquis de Lafayette to write during the heat of the American Revolution that:
It is my opinion that if the liberties of this country – the United States of America – are destroyed, it will be by the subtlety of the Roman Catholic Jesuit priests, for they are the most crafty, dangerous enemies to civil and religious liberty. They have instigated MOST of the wars of Europe.
The ban on the Order was lifted by Pope Pius VII in 1814 amidst the early days of the Congress of Vienna. This was the Congress that Kissinger declared his most beloved period in history which reinstated an oligarchical iron fist onto all of Europe ravaged by 20 years of Napoleonic wars. Working closely with Austrian Prince Metternich and the new Holy Alliance, the Jesuits became instrumental in maintaining controls throughout Europe as a secret mercenary force.
This force would serve at times to instigate violent counter-reactionary force against the new wave of anarchism spreading across the Continent during the 19th century and at other times, serving to light fires with Jesuitical agents-provocateurs embedded within anarcho-communist revolutionary factions used to justify ever greater states of tyranny in opposition to otherwise genuine democratic and republican forces.
American inventor and artist Samuel F. B. Morse exposed much of this in his 1835 Foreign Conspiracies Against the Liberties of the United States wherein the scientist stated:
Let us examine the operations of this Austrian Society [the St. Leopold Foundation], for it is hard at work all around us, yes, here in this country… With its headquarters in Vienna, under the immediate direction and inspection of Metternich, …it makes itself already felt through the [American] Republic. Its emissaries are here. And who are these emissaries? They are Jesuits. This society of men, after exerting their tyranny for upwards of two hundred years, at length became so formidable to the world, threatening the entire subversion to all social order, that even the Pope [Clement XIV] was compelled to dissolve them [in 1773]. They had not been suppressed, however, for fifty years, before the waning influence of Popery and Despotism required their useful labors to resist the light of Democratic liberty, and the Pope (Pius VII) simultaneously with the formation of the Holy Alliance, revived the order of the Jesuits in all their power. And do Americans need to be told what Jesuits are? If any are ignorant, let them inform themselves of their history without delay; no time is to be lost; their workings are before you in every day’s events; they are a secret society, a sort of Masonic order with super added features of revolting odiousness, and a thousand times more dangerous. They are not merely priests, or priests of one religious creed; they are merchants, and lawyers, and editors, and men of any profession, having no outward badge (in this country) by which to be recognized; they are about in all your society. They can assume any character, that of angels of light, or ministers of darkness, to accomplish their one great end, the service upon which they are sent, whatever that service may be.
John Quincy Adams also understood the toxic danger of the Jesuits when he wrote in 1816:
Shall we not have regular swarms of them here, in as many disguises as only a king of the gypsies can assume, dressed as painters, publishers, writers and schoolmasters? If ever there was a body of men who merited eternal damnation on earth and in hell it is this Society of Loyola’s …
Even the Russian writer Dostoyevsky noted their evil ways stating:
“The Jesuits … are simply the Roman army for the earthly sovereignty of the world in the future, with the Pontiff of Rome for Emperor … that’s their ideal … It’s simple lust of power, of filthy earthly gain, of domination – something like a universal serfdom with them as masters – that’s all they stand for. They don’t even believe in God perhaps.”
Cecil Rhodes’ Jesuit Constitution
In his 1877 will, even Cecil Rhodes called for modelling a new Church of the British Empire around “the Jesuit constitution”, and the Fabian Society directly modelled their techniques on this method of permeation theory in order to gain influence over all levers of culture, taste, and politics.
One of Cecil Rhodes’ leading Round Table controllers, W. T. Stead, wrote that:
Mr. Rhodes was more than the founder of a dynasty. He aspired to be the creator of one of those vast semi-religious, quasi-political associations which, like the Society of Jesus, have played so large a part in the history of the world. To be more strictly accurate, he wished to found an Order as the instrument of the will of the Dynasty, and while he lived he dreamed of being both its Caesar and its Loyola.
During his time running much of South Africa and Zimbabwe, Rhodes ensured that the order was granted generous land upon which many churches were built, soon becoming the largest landowners in South Africa.
The Jesuit-run America magazine even bragged that:
In the early part of the 20th century, the Catholic Church, like many churches at the time, received land grants from the colonial administrators for missionary work. Cecil Rhodes, one of the entrepreneurial giants of the British colonial era, invited churches, the Catholic Church among them, into his newly acquired territories. Subsequently, the Catholic Church worked closely with colonial governments, particularly in British Africa.
The Nazis
Unbeknownst to many today, the inner sanctum of the Nazi high command were also animated by a Jesuit program to condition a new breed of warrior monk… except with a peculiarly Teutonic-Aryan twist designed for a German psyche.
According to the recorded testimony of Hermann Rauschning, former national-socialist chief of the Danzig government, Hitler stated in 1939:
I learned much from the Order of the Jesuits … Until now, there has never been anything more grandiose, on the earth, than the hierarchical organization of the Catholic Church. I transferred much of this organization into my own party … I am going to let you in on a secret … I am founding an Order. In my ‘Burgs of the Order’, we will raise up a youth which will make the world tremble …
The leading official in charge of Hitler’s New Templar gnostic society, Heinrich Himmler, was also a follower of the Jesuit Constitutions and Walter Shellenberg (Chief of the Nazi Sicherheitdienst) said of him:
The SS had been organized by Heinrich Himmler according to the principles of the Jesuit Order. The rules of service and spiritual exercises prescribed by Ignatius de Loyola constituted a model which Heinrich Himmler strove carefully to copy. Absolute obedience was the supreme rule; every order had to be executed without comment.
Snow Becomes Black: the Case of Tavistock
London Tavistock social engineers like psychiatrist William Sargent (1907-1988) immersed himself in studies of Jesuit techniques for mind control in his influential Battle for the Mind (1955) which profoundly influenced cultural warfare for the next 70 years.
Tavistock-affiliated philosopher Bertrand Russell stated in The Scientific Outlook (1931) that:
Psychology as pursued everywhere in the past was incapable of giving practical control over mental processes, and never aimed at this result. To this general statement there is, however, one important exception, namely psychology as studied by the Society of Jesus. Much that the rest of the world has only recently understood was apprehended by Ignatius Loyola, and impressed by him upon the Order which he founded. The two tendencies which divide progressive psychologists in our day, namely, psycho-analysis and behaviourism, arc both equally exemplified in Jesuit practice. I think one may say on the whole that the Jesuits relied mainly on behaviourism for their own training, and upon psycho-analysis for their power over penitents.
Only eight years prior to writing this work, Russell had taught in Beijing, where he brought his peculiar interpretation of ‘Western philosophy and science’ into the minds of young elites emerging into influential positions in the Bolshevik-inspired climate of republican China.
In 1919, Russell had travelled extensively in Russia meeting with the new leaders of the Bolshevik Revolution, with special focus placed on Leon Trotsky and Lenin. In his 1918 Roads to Freedom: Socialism, Anarchism and Syndicalism, Russell had promoted the anarcho-syndicalism-socialism of Mikhail Bakunin and Prince Peter Kropotkin as his ideal model of social organisation for humanity. In his book, Russell wrote:
[Anarchism] remains an ideal to which we should wish to approach as nearly as possible, and which, in some distant age, we hope may be reached completely … The system we have advocated is a form of Guild Socialism, leaning more, perhaps, towards Anarchism than the official Guildsman would wholly approve. It is in the matters that politicians usually ignore – science and art, human relations, and the joy of life – that Anarchism is strongest.
This is quite the irony since Russell was a devout oligarchist throughout his entire adult life and die-hard advocate of a world totalitarian government run by a scientific dictatorship.
Perhaps the reason for his promotion of “anarcho-socialism” had less to do with Russell’s supposed belief in the romantic myth of “self-organising systems devoid of leadership” and had more to do with the fact that belief in such forms of leader-less human societies served as a perfect drug for target masses that Russell and his fellow grand strategists wished to herd like mindless sheep drugged up within a romantic vision of un-reality.
Evidence of this gnostic two-tiered belief structure (one public teaching for the masses living in the cave and one private teaching for the class of invisible rulers who will control the fire casting shadows on the cave wall) can be found in chapter 15 of Russell’s The Scientific Outlook.
It is in this location that Russell analyses the peculiar two-tiered educational system of the Jesuits:
Education in a scientific society may, I think, be best conceived after the analogy of the education provided by the Jesuits. The Jesuits provided one sort of education for the boys who were to become ordinary men of the world and another for those who were to become members of the Society of Jesus. In like manner, the scientific rulers will provide one kind of education for ordinary men and women and another for those who are to become holders of scientific power.
Ignatius Loyola’s writing featured a self-hypnotic mantra that induced the practitioner into believing that white is black; if God willed it, it should be believed. Loyola’s 13 Rule in his Spiritual Meditations reads:
To be right in everything, we ought always to hold that the white which I see, is black, if the Hierarchical Church so decides it, believing that between Christ our Lord, the Bridegroom, and the Church, His Bride, there is the same Spirit which governs and directs us for the salvation of our souls.
Russell’s extension of this same mantra was elaborated upon in his 1953 Science and Society where he called for teams of psychiatrists to see how much it would cost to convince young people that snow is black, writing:
It may be hoped that in time anybody will be able to persuade anybody of anything if he can catch the patient young and is provided by the State with money and equipment… This subject will make great strides when it is taken up by scientists under a scientific dictatorship. Anaxagoras maintained that snow is black, but no one believed him. The social psychologists of the future will have a number of classes of school children on whom they will try different methods of producing an unshakable conviction that snow is black. Various results will soon be arrived at. First, that the influence of home is obstructive. Second, that not much can be done unless indoctrination begins before the age of ten. Third, that verses set to music and repeatedly intoned are very effective. Fourth, that the opinion that snow is white must be held to show a morbid taste for eccentricity. It is for future scientists to make these maxims precise and discover exactly how much it costs per head to make children believe that snow is black, and how much less it would cost to make them believe it is dark gray.
Hitler and Tavistock
According to the pioneering work of the historian Dr. Uwe Alschner, the Hitler-Jesuit connection is not surprising for the simple fact that hard evidence available for 70 years has demonstrated that Adolf Hitler was himself already living as a human guinea pig near the town of Tavistock, England, from 1912-1913 (alongside Rudolf Hess).
Alschner brilliantly identifies the watercolour painting composed by Hitler in 1912 (and discovered among Hitler’s trove of paintings after WW2), as demonstrating a self-portrait of the Führer sitting on the very unique ‘Clapper Bridge’ located in the town of Exeter, just next to the town of Tavistock (see images below).
Uwe Alschner correctly identifies the strange town of Tavistock (from which the later clinic and institute derived its name) as the family possession of the Russell Family! Uwe writes:
Tavistock is Twin City with the Town of Celle. Not far from Celle is the Bergen-Belsen Concentration Camp. Celle has been a residence for the House of Hannover, since 1705, who acceeded the British Throne in 1714 when Georg Ludwig, Duke and Prince Elect of Braunschweig-Lüneburg became George I, King of Great Britain.
Tavistock historically belongs to the Russell Dynasty since John Russell, the 1st Earl of Bedford, was endowed with the property of Tavistock Abbey after its destruction under Henry VIII. Lord Bertrand Russell, 3rd Earl Russell and direct descendant of John Russell, was a eugenicist, leading member of the Fabian Society, designed to subvert society by incrementally creating what George Orwell in his novel “1984” termed ‘oligarchical collectivism’. Bertrand Russell was educated by his grandfather, John Russell, 1st Earl Russell, who twice served as Prime Minister to Queen Victoria. Bertrand Russell’s great-grandfather was Lord John Russell, 6th Duke of Bedford, who represented Tavistock in the House of Commons before he was elevated to the House of Lords.
Jesuits as Venetian Synthetic Cult
At this point, it is worth asking: so does the tail wag the dog? We have demonstrated the power and influence of the Jesuits across the centuries, which continues in force to this very day. But we didn’t demonstrate that the Jesuits are not the actual causal agency shaping the British Empire, did we?
It is here that the devastating 1983 critique of the Jesuits by the late American economist comes into play.
In his There Are No Limits to Growth, published by the Club of Life in 1983, LaRouche unveiled the Venetian roots of the Jesuit Order as a synthetic cult created on the same model used to create and deploy the Knights of Malta during the early years of the Crusades. LaRouche writes:
Contrary to the official history of the Jesuits, the order was actually created, not in Paris, but by the Contarini family of Venice in Venice itself. Ignatius Loyola, on a pilgrimage to Palestine, was held over in Venice, and recruited to head up a Venice-created secret intelligence service modeled in all essential features on the intelligence service of the ancient Cult of Delphi, the Peripatetics. The Jesuit order was originally a spin-off from the Hospitaller Order of St. John, at the time known as the Order of Malta, which was itself controlled by Venice. For good reasons, the Papacy suppressed the Jesuits during the eighteenth century, and the order’s headquarters was moved to Russia, where it remained (at least, officially) until the Venetian Capodistria’s direction over the 1815 Congress of Vienna facilitated bringing the Jesuits back to power in Western Europe, where the order functioned as the secret intelligence arm of Prince Metternich, and became engaged, in this capacity, as an accomplice of the British SIS in the wave of assassinations and assassination attempts against President Abraham Lincoln and members of his government.
What was this Contarini family which LaRouche references as such a leading influence over the founder of the Jesuits, and what influence does Venice play in this story?
As I demonstrated in Clash of the Two Americas Volume 4 (The Anglo-Venetian Roots of the Deep State), the only way to understand the real British Empire as an active force in current world history is to recognise this island nation’s takeover by a Venetian-led coup which began in the early 16th century, and was finalised by the 1688 Glorious Revolution that installed William of Orange on the throne of England.
Before re-constituting itself around the new British Empire, the previous command center of the leading oligarchical families and cult controllers that had earlier run Rome into the ground was Venice.
Returning to the story of the Venetian creation of the Jesuits, it is most valuable to review the writings of historian Webster Tarpley, whose 1981 study ‘The Venetian Conspiracy’ outlined the role of the Contarini family as one of the dominant Venetian families having placed seven of their members into the position of Doge over the eight hundred years of Venice’s geopolitical dominance. Tarpley gives special attention to the role of the family’s most active member Gasparro Contarini who acted not only as Venice’s Ambassador to the court of Charles V but also to the Vatican, where the grandmaster manipulator played an instrumental role in the Vatican’s sacking by the Spanish Hapsburg Empire in 1527. Tarplay describes this process, which set the stage for the creation of the Jesuits:
In 1521, Ignatius was wounded while fighting the French in one of the wars of Charles V. During his convalescence, he underwent his much-touted mystical crisis, after which he took up the life of a hobo. Making his way around Europe seeking funding for a pilgraimage to the holy land, Ignatius found his way to Venice, where he camped out in St. Mark’s Square and lived by begging. One evening, the Venetian oligarch Marcantonio Trevisan was sleeping in his golden palace and had a vision. An angel came to him asking, ‘Why are you sleeping so soundly in your warm bed, while in the square there is a holy man, a poor pilgrim who needs your help?’ Trevisan rushed downstairs to find Ignatius, who became his house guest, fleas and all.
After that, Ignatius was given an audience with the doge, Andrea Gritti, who offered him passage to Cyprus on a Venetian warship as the first leg of his pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Ignatius continued his travels, but soon returned to Venice to develop relationships with other members of the oligarchy. These included Gasparo Contarini’s nephew Pietro, who became a recipient of Ignatius’s patented brainwashing treatment, the Exercitationes Spirituales [Spiritual Exercises].
Then Ignatius made his way to Rome. Here he became the protégé of Gasparo Contarini, who had been appointed to the College of Cardinals by Pope Paul III Farnese. The cardinal took the Exercitationes Spirituales, and appointed Ignatius his personal confessor and spiritual adviser. By 1540, Contarini had personally interceded with the pope against Ignatius’s enemies within the Church hierarchy to ensure the founding of the Society of Jesus as a new Church order. In June 1539, Contarini personally traveled to the pope’s summer residence at Tivoli, and prevailed on the pontiff to let him read aloud the statutes of the new order composed by Ignatius. The pope must have been favorably impressed by something. Hisapproving comment Hic est digitus dei, (‘Here is the finger of God’), has become a feature of the turgid Jesuit homilectics.
Aristotle as God-Head of Jesuit Logic
Beyond the self-hypnotizing ego stripping contained within Loyola’s “Spiritual Exercises”, we also find an epistemological focus on all higher-level Jesuits adopting a religious-like commitment to Aristotle’s logic (in opposition to the opposing philosophical school located in Augustinian Platonism that had come to drive the best leaps towards progress during the Renaissance and beyond). Within the Jesuit Constitutions, Loyola writes: “In logic, natural and moral philosophy, and metaphysics, the doctrine of Aristotle should be followed, as also in the other liberal arts”.
This may seem innocuous at first glance, until one realises that the entire Christian renaissance dynamic that gave rise to the Golden Renaissance was itself premised upon the revival of the Platonic Method of thinking of humankind and a creative God animated by reason and love.
In 16th century England, the Platonic school found their greatest champions among the figures of Cardinal Morton (leading adviser to Henry VII of Tudor), Thomas More, Erasmus of Rotterdam. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the Platonic movement was led by republican circles around statesmen-poets John Milton, Jonathan Swift (adviser to Prime Minister Harley), Gottfried Leibniz (mentor and adviser to Queen Sophie of Hanover), and Daniel Dafoe.
Unlike Aristotle, whose system of logic demanded blind faith in unjust social customs as the non-existence of a pre-existent immortal soul, the supposed inviolability of master-slave relations, and the belief in a mechanistic god that had no creative or living power to influence a static creation, the Platonic school held an entirely contrary cosmology. This healthier school of thought was premised upon the notion of 1) humankind made in the image of a creative God, 2) of natural laws of creation that directly participated in the process of self-perfectibility of the species and laws of humankind and, most importantly, 3) the concept of an immortal soul containing within it a pattern upon which the entire universe was impressed.
Where teachers of the Aristotelian tradition assumed that the minds of children were as vessels to be filled or blank slates to be written upon, the Platonic school understood the minds of children as flames to be kindled by the invocation of wonder and paradox formation.
The implications for social organisation should be self-evident.
Venice Creates the British Empire
Describing the 1688 coup led by leading oligarchs centred among the Whigs (aka ‘The Venetian Party’) within England’s deep state, former British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli wrote:
The great object of the Whig leaders in England from the first movement under Hampden to the last most successful one in 1688, was to establish in England a high aristocratic republic on the model of the Venetian … Two great Whig nobles, Argyle and Somerset, worthy of seats in the Council of Ten, forced their Sovereign on her deathbed to change the ministry. They accomplished their object. They brought in a new family on their own terms. George I. was a Doge; George II was a Doge; they were what William III, a great man, would not be. George III tried not to be a Doge… but he could not rid himself of the Venetian constitution.
Thus, to understand the true British Empire is to understand Venice, and to understand Venice is to understand the Roman oligarchy, for they are one and the same continuous process.
The Jesuit Order, and possibly also the Anglican church itself, both founded in 1534 with direct input by Venetian-connected strategists, represents an extremely important mercenary cult designed to advance the agenda of this ancient oligarchical priesthood.
In the case of the Anglican Church created over the dead body of Thomas More in 1534, we must look to Henry VIII’s ‘adviser’ Thomas Cromwell, whose association with Venetian banking is documented by Webster Tarplay who wrote:
In 1527, when Henry VIII sought to divorce Catherine of Aragon, the Venetian-controlled University of Padua endorsed Henry’s legal arguments. Gasparo Contarini, the dominant political figure of the Venetian oligarchy, sent to the English court a delegation which included his own uncle, Francesco Zorzi. The oligarch and intelligence operative Zorzi, consummately skilled in playing on Henry’s lust and paranoia, became the founder of the powerful Rosicrucian, Hermetic, cabalistic, and Freemasonic tradition in the Tudor court. Later, Henry VIII took the momentous step of breaking with the Roman Papacy to become the new Constantine and founder of the Anglican Church. He did this under the explicit advice of Thomas Cromwell, a Venetian agent who had become his chief adviser. Thomas Cromwell was Henry VIII’s business agent in the confiscation of the former Catholic monasteries and other church property, which were sold off to rising families [emphasis added]. Thomas Cromwell thus served as the midwife to many a line of oligarchs.
These lines of research will be explored in fuller detail in future reports.
Article image: Coronel G on Unsplash.com